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What is Model Rocketry?

Scale Javelin Model Rocket Model rocketry was developed during the "space race" era as an alternative to the amateur rocket activity -- involving metallic airframes and the mixing of dangerous propellants -- that was responsible for injuring and even killing numerous young scientific experimenters.

Model rockets are constructed of much safer materials -- such as cardboard, plastic, and balsa wood -- and are fueled by single-use rocket motors manufactured by professional concerns. These rockets may be flown over and over simply by replacing the used motor with a fresh one. They typically contain a parachute, streamer, or other recovery device that allows them to land gently for later reflight. The modeler need never mix, pack, or work with explosives or propellants.

Today, model rocket kits and motors can be purchased in almost every hobby shop and toy store. Kits are designed for all ages and all levels of challenge, from simple starter kits to complicated scale models. Motor power ranges from "1/4A" (the smallest) to "G" -- enough power to lift a six-foot model and a hefty payload!

Model rockets must be flown in compliance with the Model Rocket Safety Code.

What is High Power Rocketry?

Black-I Sioux High Power Rocket The major differences between model and high power rockets are propulsion power and weight.

Like model rockets, high power rockets are typically made of safer, non-metallic materials such as cardboard, plastic, and wood; but they use motors in ranges over "G" power and/or weigh more than laws and regulations allow for relatively unrestricted model rockets.

High power rocket engines cannot be purchased over the counter by the general consumer. Typical hobby stores do not carry them. They can be mail-ordered by adult modelers who are qualified to purchase and use them. The NAR offers a qualification program for modelers who want to fly high power rockets.

High power rockets must be flown in compliance with the High Power Rocket Safety Code.

Launching high power rockets requires more preparation than launching model rockets. Not only is a larger field needed, but FAA clearance must be arranged well in advance of the launch date. There may also be local or state regulatory issues to be addressed before you can fly your first high power rocket. This is another good reason for joining an NAR Section -- many organized clubs already have the personnel and experience in making these tedious arrangements, freeing you to concentrate on the actual flying.



Who Regulates Model Rocketry?

Most control of model rocketry is on the state and/or local level. 48 states adhere to a common code of regulation for model rocketry known as National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 1122. This code defines the power, weight, and other limits to which a rocket must comply in order to be classified as a (relatively unregulated) "model rocket."

The federal government is, in comparison, less involved in regulating model rocketry. Model rocket kits and motors must satisfy the same basic product safety requirements as those imposed by the Consumer Product Safety Commission on toys. For this reason, certain types of model rocket motors -- such as "G" and "reloadable" motors -- are available only to modelers age 18 or over.

Model rockets are exempt from FAA regulation (thanks to FAR 101.1), provided they are operated in a manner so as not to pose a hazard to aircraft.

Who Regulates High Power Rocketry?

High Power Rocket Launching High power rockets fall under a different code of regulations known as National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Code 1127. The NFPA's current rocketry codes were first written in 1995 and most recently updated in 2008. Many states have adopted it by reference through their adoption of NFPA 1, or by other means. You should check your own state's laws before attempting to launch high power rockets


In addition, high power rockets and motors are directly regulated by the federal government:

    * You must apply for and receive an FAA waiver before launching high power rockets. The purpose of this waiver is to arrange for air traffic to be routed clear of your flight area.

Where Is The Line Between Model and High Power Rocketry?

A rocket exceeds the definition of a model rocket under NFPA 1122 and becomes a high power rocket under NFPA 1127 if it:

    * Uses a motor with more than 160 Newton-seconds of total impulse (an"H" motor or larger) or multiple motors that all together exceed 320 Newton-seconds;
    * Uses a motor with more than 80 Newtons average thrust (see rocket motor coding);
    * Exceeds 125 grams of propellant;
    * Weighs more than 1,500 grams including motor(s); or
    * Includes any airframe parts of ductile metal.

High Power Rocket Safety Code
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1.Certification. I will only fly high power rockets or possess high power rocket motors that are within the scope of my user certification and required licensing.
1.认证：我发射高功率火箭或拥有高功率火箭发动机仅限我的用户认证和许可执照范围之内。

2. Materials. I will use only lightweight materials such as paper, wood, rubber, plastic, fiberglass, or when necessary ductile metal, for the construction of my rocket.
2.材料：我只使用纸、木、橡胶、塑料、玻璃钢，或者在必要时使用金属管，用于建造火箭。

XXXXtors. I will use only certified, commercially made rocket motors, and will not tamper with these motors or use them for any purposes except those recommended by the manufacturer. I will not allow smoking, open flames, nor heat sources within 25 feet of these motors.
3.发动机：我只使用认证过的商品火箭发动机，不对发动机进行改装或用于除制造商推荐之外的用途。我不允许在发动机25英尺（6.35米）范围内吸烟、用火、使用热源。

4.Ignition System. I will launch my rockets with an electrical launch system, and with electrical motor igniters that are installed in the motor only after my rocket is at the launch pad or in a designated prepping area. My launch system will have a safety interlock that is in series with the launch switch that is not installed until my rocket is ready for launch, and will use a launch switch that returns to the "off" position when released. If my rocket has onboard ignition systems for motors or recovery devices, these will have safety interlocks that interrupt the current path until the rocket is at the launch pad.
4.点火系统：我使用有线电点火发射火箭。火箭必须在发射台或指定安装地点到位后再插入电点火头。点火系统应有安全连锁装置与点火开关串联，不进行安装，直到准备好发射之后安装。使用松开后回弹到OFF状态的按钮开关作为点火开关。如果我的火箭有箭载点火系统或回收装置，点火电路里要有安全连锁装置断开电路，不进行安装，直到火箭在发射台到位之后安装。

5. Misfires. If my rocket does not launch when I press the button of my electrical launch system, I will remove the launcher's safety interlock or disconnect its battery, and will wait 60 seconds after the last launch attempt before allowing anyone to approach the rocket.
5.误点火：如果我的火箭按下点火按钮未能发射，去掉点火系统的安全连锁装置或断开电池。在最后一次点火尝试后等待60秒再接近火箭

6. Launch Safety. I will use a 5-second countdown before launch. I will ensure that no person is closer to the launch pad than allowed by the accompanying Minimum Distance Table, and that a means is available to warn participants and spectators in the event of a problem. I will check the stability of my rocket before flight and will not fly it if it cannot be determined to be stable.
6.发射安全：我会在发射前倒数5秒。我会保证没有人距离发射架比（附表）最小安全距离表规定的距离（Minimum Personnel Distance）近，并在出现问题时警告参与者和观众。在发射前验算火箭的飞行稳定性，如果不能确定为稳定则不发射。

XXXXuncher. I will launch my rocket from a stable device that provides rigid guidance until the rocket has attained a speed that ensures a stable flight, and that is pointed to within 20 degrees of vertical. If the wind speed exceeds 5 miles per hour I will use a launcher length that permits the rocket to attain a safe velocity before separation from the launcher. I will use a blast deflector to prevent the motor's exhaust from hitting the ground. I will ensure that dry grass is cleared around each launch pad in accordance with the accompanying Minimum Distance table, and will increase this distance by a factor of 1.5 if the rocket motor being launched uses titanium sponge in the propellant.
7.发射架：我会从一个稳定发射架发射火箭，发射架应对火箭进行刚性引导直到火箭获得足以稳定飞行的速度（注：出架速度），并且指向竖直方向20度以内。如果风速超过每小时5英里（注：每小时8.0公里，2级风），则发射架长度应保证火箭在脱离发射架前获得安全的出架速度。我会使用导流板避免发动机喷气冲击地面。我会保证清理地面干草，留出最小距离表中所规定的最小清理半径（Minimum Diameter of Cleared Area）。如果火箭燃料中含有海绵钛（注：用在烟花中产生火花飞溅的效果），这个半径应乘以1.5倍。

8. Size. My rocket will not contain any combination of motors that total more than 40,960 N-sec (9208 pound-seconds) of total impulse. My rocket will not weigh more at liftoff than one-third of the certified average thrust of the high power rocket motor(s) intended to be ignited at launch.
8.规格：我的火箭使用的发动机组合的总冲量不得超过40960牛顿-秒（9208磅-秒、4180公斤-秒）。我的火箭起飞重量不得超过发动机总平均推力的1/3。

9.Flight Safety. I will not launch my rocket at targets, into clouds, near airplanes, nor on trajectories that take it directly over the heads of spectators or beyond the boundaries of the launch site, and will not put any flammable or explosive payload in my rocket. I will not launch my rockets if wind speeds exceed 20 miles per hour. I will comply with Federal Aviation Administration airspace regulations when flying, and will ensure that my rocket will not exceed any applicable altitude limit in effect at that launch site.
9.飞行安全：我不会向目标、云层、飞机发射火箭，不向可能飞过观众头顶或飞出发射场的轨迹发射火箭，不在火箭上安装易燃易爆载荷。在风速超过每小时20英里（注：每小时32.2公里，5级风）时不进行发射。我会遵守联邦空管局（FAA）的规定，保证火箭不超过发射场规定的飞行限制高度。

XXXXXunch Site. I will launch my rocket outdoors, in an open area where trees, power lines, buildings, and persons not involved in the launch do not present a hazard, and that is at least as large on its smallest dimension as one-half of the maximum altitude to which rockets are allowed to be flown at that site or 1500 feet, whichever is greater.
10.发射场：我会在户外开阔地发射火箭，保证树木、电线、建筑、人员不受危险。发射场最小半径应至少达到1.5倍的火箭允许飞行高度或1500英尺=381米，二者取较大值。

XXXXXuncher Location. My launcher will be 1500 feet from any inhabited building or from any public highway on which traffic flow exceeds 10 vehicles per hour, not including traffic flow related to the launch. It will also be no closer than the appropriate Minimum Personnel Distance from the accompanying table from any boundary of the launch site.
11.发射架位置：发射架应与有人居住的建筑或每小时车流量10辆以上的公路（不包括本次发射相关的车辆）保持至少1500英尺=381米的距离。发射架与发射场边界的距离不得小于附表中的人员安全距离（Minimum Personnel Distance）。

XXXXXcovery System. I will use a recovery system such as a parachute in my rocket so that all parts of my rocket return safely and undamaged and can be flown again, and I will use only flame-resistant or fireproof recovery system wadding in my rocket.
12.回收系统：我会使用回收系统如降落伞保证火箭的所有部件安全返回并且不受损坏、能再次发射。我只使用阻燃或防火的材料作为回收系统中的填料（注：织物？）。

13. Recovery Safety. I will not attempt to recover my rocket from power lines, tall trees, or other dangerous places, fly it under conditions where it is likely to recover in spectator areas or outside the launch site, nor attempt to catch it as it approaches the ground.
13.回收安全：我不会尝试回收落在电线、高大树木或其它危险位置上的火箭；不在火箭可能降落到观众位置或发射场外的情况下发射；不试图在火箭落地时抓住它。

附：最小安全距离表，1英尺=0.254米

Model Rocket Safety Code

Effective August 2012

    Materials. I will use only lightweight, non-metal parts for the nose, body, and fins of my rocket.

    Motors. I will use only certified, commercially-made model rocket motors, and will not tamper with these motors or use them for any purposes except those recommended by the manufacturer.

    Ignition System. I will launch my rockets with an electrical launch system and electrical motor igniters. My launch system will have a safety interlock in series with the launch switch, and will use a launch switch that returns to the "off" position when released.

    Misfires. If my rocket does not launch when I press the button of my electrical launch system, I will remove the launcher's safety interlock or disconnect its battery, and will wait 60 seconds after the last launch attempt before allowing anyone to approach the rocket.

    Launch Safety. I will use a countdown before launch, and will ensure that everyone is paying attention and is a safe distance of at least 15 feet away when I launch rockets with D motors or smaller, and 30 feet when I launch larger rockets. If I am uncertain about the safety or stability of an untested rocket, I will check the stability before flight and will fly it only after warning spectators and clearing them away to a safe distance. When conducting a simultaneous launch of more than ten rockets I will observe a safe distance of 1.5 times the maximum expected altitude of any launched rocket.

    Launcher. I will launch my rocket from a launch rod, tower, or rail that is pointed to within 30 degrees of the vertical to ensure that the rocket flies nearly straight up, and I will use a blast deflector to prevent the motor's exhaust from hitting the ground. To prevent accidental eye injury, I will place launchers so that the end of the launch rod is above eye level or will cap the end of the rod when it is not in use.

    Size. My model rocket will not weigh more than 1,500 grams (53 ounces) at liftoff and will not contain more than 125 grams (4.4 ounces) of propellant or 320 N-sec (71.9 pound-seconds) of total impulse.

    Flight Safety. I will not launch my rocket at targets, into clouds, or near airplanes, and will not put any flammable or explosive payload in my rocket.

    Launch Site. I will launch my rocket outdoors, in an open area at least as large as shown in the accompanying table, and in safe weather conditions with wind speeds no greater than 20 miles per hour. I will ensure that there is no dry grass close to the launch pad, and that the launch site does not present risk of grass fires.

    Recovery System. I will use a recovery system such as a streamer or parachute in my rocket so that it returns safely and undamaged and can be flown again, and I will use only flame-resistant or fireproof recovery system wadding in my rocket.

    Recovery Safety. I will not attempt to recover my rocket from power lines, tall trees, or other dangerous places.

附：最小安全距离表，1英尺=0.254米

1，美国火箭协会（NAR）的业余火箭分为模型火箭和高功率火箭，两类都使用经过认证的商品发动机。

科创论坛爱好者的业余火箭主要使用自制发动机。为了保证自制发动机的安全性，需要经过论坛的同行评议过程。即按照论坛置顶帖推荐的燃料、结构、方法设计制作发动机，试车成功在论坛上发布试车结果后方可实际发射。

2，模型火箭和高功率火箭的区别：模型火箭为小型非金属业余火箭，起飞质量<1500g、燃料质量<125g、总冲<320NS。高功率火箭为使用金属发动机或总冲较大的业余火箭，总冲<40960NS。两种火箭的安全规定具体差别：
（1）模型火箭的安全规定相对于高功率火箭作了简化（详见正文），高功率火箭的安全规定可以用于发射模型火箭。
（2）发射高功率火箭之前需要计算飞行高度，因此安全距离计算方式有所差别：
高功率火箭的发射场最小半径应至少达到1.5倍的火箭最大飞行高度或1500英尺=381米，二者取较大值；人员的安全距离见附表。模型火箭的的发射场最小半径见附表，人员的安全距离：使用D等级(20NS)以下发动机为15英尺=3.81米、使用D等级(20NS)以上发动机为30英尺=7.62米，同时发射10支以上火箭时为1.5倍的火箭最大飞行高度。

科创论坛爱好者的业余火箭与以上两类业余火箭有联系也有区别，考虑到自制火箭可靠性的差异，为保证安全，作以下修改：
1，除了安全距离数值以外的操作安全规程全部参照高功率火箭。
2，人员的安全距离：全部以发射场半径作为人员安全距离。
对于起飞质量<1500g、燃料质量<125g、总冲<320NS的小型非金属业余火箭，按照附表计算安全距离。
如果不符合这三个条件，需要计算飞行高度，发射场最小半径应至少达到1.5倍的火箭最大飞行高度或1500英尺=381米，二者取较大值。


修改后的版本收入《中国业余火箭执行标准（草案）》
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3.发动机：我只使用认证过的商品火箭发动机，不对发动机进行改装或用于除制造商推荐之外的用途。我不允许在发动机25英尺（6.35米）范围内吸烟、用火、使用热源。………好像这里都是自制的吧……各种自制火箭发动机……各种自制火箭燃料~~~