前言：

刚考完四六级，正好是偷懒不想复习，找了个冠冕堂皇的理由说不看书，找个英文的东西练一下翻译（其实就是开小差）。十月份被帽子叔叔查了水表，说我网购硝酸钾和硫，被没收了一部分化学品。虽然还有材料制作燃料，但我也就因此把一味乱做的发动机放在一边了，想着先学习理论再来引领实践，最近几个月都在入门固体火箭发动机原理的知识，看教科书在发动机设计的顺序那方面有点理不清，不知道设计一个合适的发动机该从哪里开始，刚好又找到了Richard Nakka's Experimental Rocketry Web Site这个元老级的火箭爱好者入门教程。看着好像又没有人搬运翻译的网页内容（内容实在非常多啊），我就想着我可以搬运和翻译一部分适合入门学习的Richard Nakka's Experimental Rocketry Web Site上的内容，在自己搞清楚一些发动机原理和实践制作的知识的同时也能为其他人提供参考。如果有人告诉我已经有人整理了比较适合新手入门的包含理论的教程，也请诸位能告知和指路，先行谢过了。

科创网的传统自然是强调安全问题，因此我先学习和翻译的是Safety这个内容。这也是我逛KC网总是能看见大家向新人强调的一点。Safety和喷气推进关系似乎不大，但我觉得还是发在这里比较贴切一点。

正文：

First of all, let's consider an often-asked and perhaps prudent question. Is Amateur Experimental Rocketry (AER) a hazardous activity? I would have to answer this question with a straightforward "no". Otherwise, I would never have gotten involved. As I am not a risk taker in any regard, and tend to shun activities that could lead to bodily discomfort or harm (e.g. most sports), my avocational activities reflect this attitude.

首先，让我们考虑一个经常被问到并且可能有点慎重的问题。业余火箭实验（AER）是一项危险活动吗？我必须直截了当地回答这个问题：“不”。否则，我也不会参与进来。我在任何方面都不喜欢冒险，并且倾向于避免可能导致身体不适或伤害的活动（例如大多数运动），我的业余活动反映了这种态度。

Follow up question. If AER is not a hazardous activity, does this imply that there are no hazards to be concerned with? Clearly, the answer to this question is a definite "no". Rocketry most certainly has inherent potential hazards, and it is the responsibility of those who are involved in AER, or those who are considering to become actively involved, to recognize these potential hazards and take the necessary actions and precautions to keep these hazards in check.

回答接下来的问题。如果业余火箭实验不是一项危险活动，这是否意味着没有危险需要关注？显然，这个问题的答案是肯定的“不”。火箭技术当然具有固有的潜在危险，那些正在参与业余火箭实验的人，或者那些考虑积极参与的人，有责任认识到这些潜在的危险，并采取必要的行动和预防措施来控制这些危险。

As is the case with many other recreational activities where harm could result from lack of knowledge or negligence, the use of good common sense and following conservative safety practices are two of the keys to keeping safe. The other key is knowledge of what you are dealing with. Knowledge takes over where common sense leaves off, as certain risk factors may not be readily apparent or obvious. Knowledge also comes from experience - either one's own experience or the experience of others. Take advantage of the latter, it tends to be much more vast! A great deal of such pertinent information is available on the internet, as well as in various publications, some of which are outlined in the Technical References section of this website.

正如许多其他娱乐活动的情况一样，缺乏知识或疏忽可能导致伤害，使用良好的常识和遵循保守的安全措施是保持安全的两个关键。另一个关键是了解你正在处理的问题。知识取代了常识，因为某些风险因素可能不太明显。知识也来自经验——要么是自己的经验，要么是别人的经验。利用后者，它往往更丰富！在互联网上以及各种出版物中都可以找到大量此类相关信息，其中一些信息已在本网站的技术参考部分中进行了概述。

（技术参考部分：https://www.nakka-rocketry.net/techref.html）

What then, specifically, is it that introduces the potential risk factors? The main issue is that rocket propellant, in order to perform its function, must contain a large amount of stored thermal energy and be capable of releasing this energy rapidly. Consider, for example, the "Sugar Propellants" featured in this web site. The thermal energy released when such a propellant burns is approximately 2.7 kilojoules per gram of propellant. As such, one kilogram (approximately 2.2 Ibs) possesses 2.7 megajoules of stored thermal energy that is released when it burns.

To relate this into more understandable terms, this is equivalent heat energy to that released by a 1000 watt heater over a period of 45 minutes...

A heck of a lot of heat.

Consider now, that in a rocket motor, all this thermal energy is released, typically, in 2 or 3 seconds! The more powerful AP based propellants possess nearly double that stored energy.

Respect of rocket propellants is unquestionably in order. A rocket motor is the amazing piece of engineering that converts this thermal energy to useful means. A daunting task that all-too-often is not successfully achieved, especially with experimental motors. Respect, therefore, of rocket motors and the consequence of failure of such are two further considerations that are crucial to keeping potential AER hazards fully in check.

那么，具体是什么引入了潜在的风险因素呢？主要问题是火箭推进剂为了发挥其功能，必须包含大量储存的热能，并能够迅速释放这些能量。例如，考虑一下这个网站上的“糖推进剂”。

这种推进剂燃烧时释放的热能约为每克推进剂2.7千焦耳。因此，一公斤（约2.2磅）的物体燃烧时所储存的热能为2.7兆焦耳。为了更容易理解，这相当于一个1000瓦的加热器在45分钟内释放的热能。

相当多的热量。

现在考虑一下，在火箭发动机中，所有这些热能通常在2到3秒内释放出来！威力更大的AP推进剂储存的能量几乎是前者的两倍。对火箭推进剂的尊重无疑是合理的。火箭发动机是一项神奇的工程，它能将热能转化为有用的能源。这是一项令人望而生畏的任务，往往无法成功完成，尤其是在实验性发动机方面。因此，对火箭发动机的尊重及其考虑故障的后果是进一步需要考虑的两个事项，这对于完全控制潜在的业余火箭实验危险至关重要。

There are other potential risk factors as well. Pyrotechnic materials such as Black Powder or Crimson powderare used in rocket motor igniters and in parachute ejection charges. Although these are used in small amounts, respect and proper handling procedures and proper storage are essential. Extreme care is exercised if these materials are self-made, and such batches are to be restricted to a few grams.

还有其他潜在的风险因素。烟火材料，如黑火药或Crimson powderare（say：一种无硫火药，包含了抗坏血酸成分，在KC网上有人简单提到过（文章号：904046，《绯红之粉》）），用于火箭发动机点火器和降落伞弹射药。虽然这些都是少量使用的，但尊重和正确的处理程序以及适当的储存是必不可少的。如果这些材料是自制的，则必须非常小心，并且批次限制在几克以内。

Consider, as well, that rockets are boosted aloft at high speed, typically several hundred kilometres per hour, and can achieve great heights. These two parameters represent a great deal of kinetic energy and potential energy...both of which must be fully dissipated by the time the rocket returns to the ground (as dictated by the 1st law of thermodynamics, "conservation of energy"). The safest and most desirable way to dissipate this energy, of course, is by the use of a parachute to gently bleed off the energy and return the rocket via a soft landing.

同时，考虑到火箭被高速推进，通常是每小时几百公里，可以发射到到很高的高度。这两个参数代表了大量的动能和势能。两者都必须在火箭返回地面时完全消散（正如热力学第一定律“能量守恒”所规定的那样）。当然，最安全、最理想的消散这种能量的方法是使用降落伞轻轻地排出能量，并通过软着陆返回火箭。

In summary, some things to bear in mind for those who may consider getting actively involved in AER:

1.If you are a risk taker, don't bother reading any further, amateur rocketry is not for you.

2.If you are a careless person, don't bother reading any further, amateur rocketry is not for you.

3.If you are not willing to religiously and without fail follow requisite safety practices, some of which are outlined below, don't bother reading any further. Amateur rocketry is not for you.

4.If you do not have complete respect for the safety and property of yourself and others, including the general public, then don't bother reading further, amateur rocketry is not for you.

总之，对于那些可能考虑积极参与业余火箭试验的人来说，有一些事情需要记住：

1.如果你是一个冒险家，不要再读下去了，业余火箭不适合你。

2.如果你是一个粗心大意的人，就不要再读下去了，业余的火箭不适合你。

3.如果你不愿意严格遵守必要的安全措施，下面列出了其中一些，就不要再往下读了。业余火箭不适合你。

4.如果你不完全尊重自己和他人的安全和财产，包括普罗大众，那么就不要再读下去了，业余火箭不适合你。

For those of you still reading, the following represents a partial list of safety practices (common sense practices are not listed) applicable to amateur rocketry. Bear in mind that it is ultimately up to each individual to learn to recognize potential hazards and to determine which steps must be followed to prevent harm befalling individuals or property.

对于那些还在阅读的人，下面列出了部分适用于业余火箭的安全实践（没有列出常识实践）。记住，最终取决于每个人学会识别潜在的危险，并决定必须采取哪些步骤来防止对个人或财产造成伤害。

1.Wear appropriate safety apparel, including eye protection, at all times when the risk of personal harm is present. This includes workshop activities, such as metal or wood working.

1.在任何时候，当存在人身伤害的风险时，都要穿戴适当的安全服装，包括护目设备。尤其是在车间内活动，包括金属或木材加工。

XXXXcome familiar with the chemicals being used in propellant/pyrotechnic production, in particular, sensitivities and incompatibilities.

2.熟悉推进剂/烟火生产中使用的化学品，特别是敏感性和不兼容性。

3.When working with propellants, always be alert and take the approach that such could ignite at any time. A dunk bucket full of water, fire extinguisher, and planned escape route must be three items always present.

3.当使用推进剂时，始终保持警惕，并做好药剂随时可能意外点燃的解决方法。一个装满水的水桶、灭火器和计划好的逃生路线这三样东西必须永远存在。

XXXXe a suitable work location for propellant preparation and suitable storage location for sensitive materials such as oxidizers.

4.推进剂的制备要有合适的工作场所，氧化剂等敏感物质要有合适的储存场所。

XXXXep batch sizes of propellants and pyrotechnic materials to the minimum needed for the job at hand.

5.将推进剂和烟火材料的批量保持在手头工作所需的最小限度。

6.Igniters should have the leads shunted at all times, and should only be un-shunted just prior to connecting to the ignition box (shunting refers to twisting the bared wire leads together to eliminate the possibility of electrical current flow to the bridgewire). This applies also to parachute ejection charges.

6.点火器的引线在任何时候都应该分流，只有在连接到点火箱之前才应该不分流（分流是指将裸露的引线扭在一起，以消除电流流向桥线的可能性）。这也适用于降落伞弹射装置。

7.If an igniter fails to initiate a rocket motor, wait several minutes before cautiously approaching, then always disconnect the igniter electrical leads first.

7.如果点火器未能启动火箭发动机，请在谨慎接近前等待几分钟，然后始终首先断开点火器的电气引线。

XXXXe an ignition box that has built-in safety checks to ensure that no current is inadvertently supplied to the igniter. A Safe/Arm switch represents only partial security.

8.使用一个内置安全检查的点火箱，以确保没有电流无意中提供给点火器。Safe/Arm开关仅代表部分安全性。（say： Safe/Arm switch我没有找到具体的实物，但应该可以理解为带有保险的安全开关）

9.When firing motors (either static or flight), distance is your greatest assurance of safety in case of catastrophic failure. I typically position myself (and others) 250-300 feet (75-100m) away for "proven" motors, even farther for new designs.

9.当启动发动机时（无论是静态的还是飞行的），在发生灾难性故障的情况下，保持距离是你最大的安全保证。对于“经过验证的”发动机，我通常会将自己（和其他人）放置在250-300英尺（75-100米）之外，如果是新的设计，则会更远。

10.Avoid "boilerplate" motor designs. These thick walled heavy duty contraptions have the capability of storing an incredible amount of energy before bursting, increasing the potential risk associated with catastrophic failure. Casings should be sized to burst at no more than two and a half times the maximum expected operating pressure (MEOP) of the motor, representing a safety margin of 2.5 to. A minimum safety margin of 1.5 is appropriate for motor design.

10.避免“厚铁板”发动机机设计。这些厚壁而承受重压的装置在爆炸前能够储存大量的能量，这增加了由于灾难性故障引发的潜在风险。外壳的尺寸应该在不超过发动机最大预期工作压力（MEOP）的2.5倍的情况下爆裂，代表2.5到2.5的安全裕度。发动机设计的最小安全余量为1.5。

XXXXX is a good practice to hydrostatic pressure test new motor designs. This involves filling a completed (and sealed) motor with water, then using a grease gun or hydraulic jack (fitted with a pressure gauge) to pressurize the motor, typically 1.2 times MEOP. Although compressed water stores little energy, a plywood shield should nevertheless be placed between the motor and the operator, in case trapped air is present.

11.对新设计的发动机进行静水压试验是一个很好的实践。这包括在一个完整的（密封的）发动机中注满水，然后使用润滑脂枪或液压千斤顶（配有压力表）对发动机加压，通常是MEOP的1.2倍。尽管压缩水储存的能量很少，但仍应在测试的发动机和操作人员之间放置一个胶合板屏蔽，以防存在被困在其中的空气。

XXXXXe beginner to AER should stick with well-proven propellants and well-proven motor designs. Propellant development is best left to those with a good deal of AER experience as well as acquired and theoretical knowledge of the subject. Bear in mind that even small amounts of certain additives can dramatically change the burning characteristics of rocket propellants. This can lead to catastrophic failure of otherwise well-proven designs.

12.业余火箭试验的初学者应该坚持使用经过验证的推进剂和经过验证的发动机设计。推进剂的开发最好留给那些具有大量业余火箭试验经验以及获得该学科的理论知识的人。请记住，即使少量的某些添加剂也能极大地改变火箭推进剂的燃烧特性。这可能会导致原本经过良好验证的设计出现灾难性的失败。

13. The use of high-energy oxidizers, such as chlorates and perchlorates, for igniter pyrolant applications should be limited to small quantities. Only proven formulations, such as those listed in the Igniters page, should be utilized.

13.高能氧化剂的使用，如氯酸盐和高氯酸盐，用于点火剂的应限于小质量。只有经过验证的配方，如在点火器页面中列出的，应该使用。

（点火器页面：https://www.nakka-rocketry.net/igniter.html）

14. The use of high-energy oxidizers for propellant applications, such as potassium perchlorate or ammonium perchlorate, should only be utilized by those who have gained years of experience working safely with lower-energy oxidizers such as the nitrates. Only proven methods and formulations should be used for making such composite propellants (APCP or KPCP). An excellent source of such knowledge is the publication Experimental Composite Propellant written by Terry XXXXCreary, Ph.D. Perchlorates have the potential to be frighteningly hazardous when combined with incompatible binders or additives, and even small motors can explode with shocking violence. As such, propellant development with perchlorates should only be done by those with reams of knowledge and experience working with these energetic materials.

14.高能氧化剂用于推进剂，如高氯酸钾或高氯酸铵，只能由具有多年安全使用低能量氧化剂（如硝酸盐）经验的人员使用。只有经过验证的方法和配方才能用于制造这种复合推进剂（APCP或KPCP）。这类知识的一个极好的来源是Terry w.m creary博士所写的《实验复合推进剂》一书。当与不相容的粘合剂或添加剂结合时，高氯酸盐有可能产生可怕的危险，即使是小型发动机也会发生令人震惊的暴力爆炸。因此，高氯酸盐推进剂的开发只能由那些对这些高能材料有丰富知识和经验的人来完成。

XXXXX your utmost to keep Amateur Experimental Rocketry safe, not only for your own sake, but also for the sake of all participants of this challenging, educational and uniquely "out of this world" activity...!

15.尽你最大的努力保证业余实验火箭的安全，不仅是为了你自己，也是为了所有参与这项具有挑战性、教育性和独特的“走出这个世界”活动的人……！

后言：

随便再废话几句，Richard Nakka提到的安全规范里面，有一些对于kc网很多火箭玩家是有一定门槛的，比如11点的耐压测试。但同时，比如氯酸盐和高氯酸盐的使用或者是高能氧化剂用于推进剂则是老生常谈的问题。尤其是烟火剂制作和存放的问题，这个安全规范也都有所提及。可以说，科创网内我看见过的大多数安全隐患都可以通过尽可能地通过遵循安全规范来避免。正如Richard Nakka所说，作为火箭爱好者，在热爱火箭的同时，也要有敬畏火箭之心。

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