Advanced Topic
高级论坛
Materials:
材料
Dust mask and safety goggles
防尘口罩和防护眼镜
Mortar and pestle
研钵和碾槌
50 ml acetone
50ML丙酮
1.00g yttrium oxide, Y(2).O(3)
1.00g氧化钇Y(2).O(3)
2.11g cupric oxide wire, CuO
2.11G 氧化铜线CuO
3.50g barium carbonate BaCO(3)
3.50g碳酸钡BaCO(3)
Alumina boat, 90x17x11.5 mm
铝盘90x17x11.5 mm
Tongs
钳子
Heat-proof gloves
耐热手套
Tube furnace, 1 in. diameter
管式炉 （1 in直径）
Pellet press
压粒机
Quartz tube (24 mm o.d.) equipped with air-tight connections made at one end for attachment to an oxygen tank and the other end for attachment to an oil-filled bubbler.
• 装有气密节点的石英管(24 mm o.d.)一端连接一个氧气瓶一端连接油喷口
Tank of oxygen, with regulator and tubing
氧气瓶，调压阀和管子
Krylon No 11303, acrylic resin spray
Krylon No 11303 丙烯酸树脂喷罐
Procedure for Pellet Preparation
颗粒制备过程
Wear a dust mask and safety goggles at all time, and conduct grinding operations in a fume hood. In the mortar and pestle, grind together the yttrium oxide,copper oxide, and barium carbonate with enough acetone to make a thick slurry. Allow the acetone to evaporate completely in air; at this point the mixed powder will flow freely. Place the powder in the alumina boat and heat in the tube furnace at 950°C for one hour. Wearing heat-proof gloves and tongs, remove the boat containing the mixed oxides from the tube furnace. Allow the mixture to cool to room temperature. It will be black or green-black at this time.
全程佩戴防尘口罩和防护眼镜，在抽风柜下用研钵和碾槌研磨氧化钇，氧化铜线，碳酸钡，和足够的丙酮直到成为泥浆状，然后让丙酮挥发干净，所有材料成粉末均匀状。把它们放进铝盘然后放进管式炉加热到950摄氏度一个小时后取出后室温冷却。混合物呈现黑色或黑绿色。
When cool, regrind the dry powder in the mortar and pestle (do not use acetone). Return the powder to the boat, and heat it in the furnace for five hours at 950°C. Again, cool it to room temperature. Grind the now black powder for a third time in the mortar and pestle, this time using acetone. Allow the acetone to evaporate completely.
冷却后再用研钵和碾槌研磨（不要用丙酮），放进管式炉加热到950摄氏度五个小时后取出后室温冷却，第三次研磨黑色粉末时用丙酮，然后让丙酮挥发干净。
Use a pellet press to form pellets at about 50,000 lb/in pressure. The pellets should be approximately 13 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick. There should be enough mixed oxide to make three pellets.
压粒机在50,000 lb/in的压力下造粒，形成大约13 mm，厚3 mm的小块，应该足够做3小块
Place the pellets in the alumina boat, and place the boat inside the quartz tube. Place the assembly in the tube furnace and heat at 950 for one hour in order to sinter (heat just below the melting point to increase strength and density and to promote intergranular bonding) the pellets. Allow the furnace to cool to 500-600°C for the crucial "sensitization" step. At this point the ceramic is oxygen deficient. This means that there is not enough oxygen in the crystalline structure to superconduct. Pass pure oxygen through the quartz tube, over the pellets, at a rate of about 10ml/min for 3 hours. At the conclusion of the 3 hour period turn off the furnace and allow it to cool to room temperature while maintaining the flow of oxygen over the pellets. Oxygen will enter the YBCO compound as it slowly cools, between 600 and 4000 C. By allowing oxygen to circulate in the oven as the sample cools your sample will become oxygenated. Several annealing procedures, heating and cooling cycles, seem to improve the quality of 1-2-3 ceramic superconductors.
把它们放进铝盘然后放进管式炉加热到950摄氏度一个小时是为了烧结，（加热是为了提高强度和密度促进晶体间的融合）冷却至500-600摄氏度，进入重要的“敏感阶段”步骤，这是氧化不充分的陶瓷，这意味这还不拥有超导体的晶体结构。加入纯氧进石英管在氧化物上最小10ML、每秒，保持3小时使其充分氧化，之后关闭炉子室温冷却但氧气不关，氧气在缓冷状态下有助于YBCO化合物形成600-4000 C，几个氧化退火过程，反复加热冷却基本上可以提高1-2-3陶瓷超导体的品质。
Spray coat the pellets with an acrylic resin such as Krylon No 1303. This will protect the pellets from chemical decomposition, which can occur from prolonged exposure to water or water vapor.
以No 11303 丙烯酸树脂喷罐做陶瓷超导体的树脂外层，可以防止化学腐蚀，防水及水蒸汽。
Once cooled, the final material should be hard and black in color, any green coloration will indicate that you have an insulator rather than a superconductor. If the material exhibits the Meissner effect, it is a true superconductor. Remember the production of superconductors is still very much an experimenters game.
一次冷却后你就应该得到坚硬的黑色材料，如果还有绿色证明不是陶瓷超导体，如果展示Meissner效应，超导体产品还是一个非常棒的实验。
专业水平有限，如有谬误，还请谅解
